Python Operators Complete Guide

# Arithmetic operators
result = 10 + 5    # Addition
result = 10 - 5    # Subtraction
result = 10 * 5    # Multiplication
result = 10 / 3    # Division (returns float)

# Comparison operators
is_equal = (10 == 5)      # Equal to
is_greater = (10 > 5)     # Greater than
is_less = (10 < 5)        # Less than

# Logical operators
result = (10 > 5) and (3 < 7)  # AND operator
result = (10 > 5) or (3 > 7)   # OR operator
result = not (10 > 5)          # NOT operator

# Arithmetic Operators
a = 10
b = 3

print("Arithmetic Operators:")
print(f"{a} + {b} = {a + b}")      # 13
print(f"{a} - {b} = {a - b}")      # 7
print(f"{a} * {b} = {a * b}")      # 30
print(f"{a} / {b} = {a / b}")      # 3.3333...
print(f"{a} // {b} = {a // b}")    # 3 (floor division)
print(f"{a} % {b} = {a % b}")      # 1 (remainder)
print(f"{a} ** {b} = {a ** b}")    # 1000 (10^3)

# Integer division returns float in Python 3
print(f"Type of 10/3: {type(10/3)}")  # 

# Comparison Operators
x = 10
y = 5

print("\nComparison Operators:")
print(f"{x} == {y}: {x == y}")      # False
print(f"{x} != {y}: {x != y}")      # True
print(f"{x} > {y}: {x > y}")        # True
print(f"{x} < {y}: {x < y}")        # False
print(f"{x} >= {y}: {x >= y}")      # True
print(f"{x} <= {y}: {x <= y}")      # False

# Logical Operators
print("\nLogical Operators:")
print(f"True and False: {True and False}")   # False
print(f"True or False: {True or False}")     # True
print(f"not True: {not True}")               # False

# Combined logical expression
age = 25
has_license = True
can_drive = (age >= 18) and has_license
print(f"\nAge: {age}, Has License: {has_license}")
print(f"Can drive: {can_drive}")  # True

# Assignment Operators
x = 10
print("Assignment Operators:")
print(f"Initial x: {x}")

x += 5   # x = x + 5
print(f"After x += 5: {x}")  # 15

x -= 3   # x = x - 3
print(f"After x -= 3: {x}")  # 12

x *= 2   # x = x * 2
print(f"After x *= 2: {x}")  # 24

x /= 4   # x = x / 4
print(f"After x /= 4: {x}")  # 6.0

# Membership Operators
print("\nMembership Operators:")
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(f"List: {fruits}")
print(f"'banana' in fruits: {'banana' in fruits}")      # True
print(f"'orange' in fruits: {'orange' in fruits}")      # False
print(f"'orange' not in fruits: {'orange' not in fruits}")  # True

# String membership
text = "Hello World"
print(f"\nText: '{text}'")
print(f"'Hello' in text: {'Hello' in text}")    # True
print(f"'Python' in text: {'Python' in text}")  # False

# Operator Precedence Examples
# PEMDAS: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication/Division, Addition/Subtraction

result1 = 5 + 3 * 2   # Multiplication before addition
print(f"5 + 3 * 2 = {result1}")  # 11, not 16

result2 = (5 + 3) * 2 # Parentheses change precedence
print(f"(5 + 3) * 2 = {result2}")  # 16

result3 = 2 ** 3 * 2  # Exponentiation before multiplication
print(f"2 ** 3 * 2 = {result3}")   # 16 (8 * 2)

result4 = 2 * 3 ** 2  # Exponentiation before multiplication
print(f"2 * 3 ** 2 = {result4}")   # 18 (2 * 9)

# Complex expression
result5 = 10 + 20 * 3 / 2 - 5 % 3
print(f"10 + 20 * 3 / 2 - 5 % 3 = {result5}")
# Steps: 20*3=60, 60/2=30, 5%3=2, 10+30=40, 40-2=38

# Python Operators Practice Exercises

print("=== Exercise 1: Arithmetic Operations ===")
# Calculate: (15 + 3 * 2) / (4 - 1)
result = (15 + 3 * 2) / (4 - 1)
print(f"(15 + 3 * 2) / (4 - 1) = {result}")

print("\n=== Exercise 2: Comparison Operators ===")
a = 10
b = 20
c = 10

print(f"a = {a}, b = {b}, c = {c}")
print(f"a == b: {a == b}")
print(f"a == c: {a == c}")
print(f"a != b: {a != b}")
print(f"a < b: {a < b}")

print("\n=== Exercise 3: Logical Operators ===")
age = 25
has_license = True
has_car = False

can_drive = age >= 18 and has_license
can_rent_car = age >= 21 and has_license
needs_ride = not has_car

print(f"Age: {age}, License: {has_license}, Car: {has_car}")
print(f"Can drive: {can_drive}")
print(f"Can rent car: {can_rent_car}")
print(f"Needs ride: {needs_ride}")

print("\n=== Exercise 4: Assignment Operators ===")
x = 10
print(f"Initial x: {x}")
x += 5   # What is x now?
print(f"After x += 5: {x}")
x *= 2   # What is x now?
print(f"After x *= 2: {x}")
x %= 7   # What is x now?
print(f"After x %= 7: {x}")

print("\n=== Exercise 5: Membership Operators ===")
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "orange", "grape"]
print(f"Fruits list: {fruits}")
print(f"'banana' in fruits: {'banana' in fruits}")
print(f"'mango' in fruits: {'mango' in fruits}")
print(f"'mango' not in fruits: {'mango' not in fruits}")

# String membership
sentence = "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"
print(f"\nSentence: '{sentence}'")
print(f"'fox' in sentence: {'fox' in sentence}")
print(f"'cat' in sentence: {'cat' in sentence}")